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Principality of Lower Pannonia
The Principality of Lower Pannonia〔 or Balaton Principality〔 was a Slavic principality, vassal to the Frankish Empire,〔Július Bartl, (Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon ), Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002, pp. 19-20〕〔Anton Špiesz, Duśan Čaplovič, (Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe ), Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2006, p. 20〕 or according to others〔Béla Miklós Szőke, New findings of the excavations in Mosaburg /Zalavár (Western Hungary), In: Joachim Henning (editor), (Post-Roman towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantinum Vol.1 ),(The Heirs of the Roman west) , Walter de Gruyter, 2007, p. 411〕 a comitatus of the Frankish Empire, led initially by a dux (Pribina) and later by a comes (Pribina's son, Kocel). It was one of the early Slavic polities (Kocel's title was "''Comes de Sclauis''" - Count of the Slavs) 〔Oto Luthar, (The Land Between: A History of Slovenia ), Peter Lang, 2008, p. 105〕 and was situated mostly in Transdanubia region of modern Hungary, but also included parts of modern Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Austria. Its capital was Mosapurc "''Mosapurc regia civitate''",〔Charles R. Bowlus, (Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: the struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907 ), University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995, pp. 204-220〕 present-day Zalavár (in Old-Slavonic Blatengrad, in Latin Urbs Paludarum).
==Background==
The Slavic settlement of Pannonia started in the late 5th century after the fall of the Hunnic tribal union. In the late 6th century the Slavs in the territory became subjects of the Avar tribal union (Avar Khaganate). Trouble by internal conflicts as well as external attacks by Frankish Empire (led by Charles the Great) and Bulgarian Khanate (led by Khan Krum), the Avar polity collapsed by the early 9th century. Initially, Lower Pannonia lay between the Drava, Danube and Sava rivers, whilst Upper Pannonia lay north of the Drava river. Collectively, the southeastern Slavic marches of the Carolongian empire were called the Eastland (''Plaga Orientalis''). During the first two decades of the ninth century, Lower Pannonia was ruled by Slavic Prince Ljudevit Posavski, a Frankish vassal. After his rebellion, Louis removed the lands from the Friuliun Duke and placed them under his son's (Louis the German) Bavarian sub-kingdom and the river Raab became the new border between Upper and Lower Pannonia, with the core and the name of Lower Pannonia moving north of the river Drava. The turmoils did not end, as in 827, the Bulgarians invaded much of Lower Pannonia, but were then pushed back by Louis the German the following year.
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